Gender-based violence in emergencies
Gender-based violence reaches every corner of the globe. In emergency settings, GBV soars.
Gender-based violence (GBV) is the most pervasive yet least visible human rights violation in the world. It includes physical, sexual, mental or economic harm inflicted on a person because of socially ascribed power imbalances between males and females. It also includes the threat of violence, coercion and deprivation of liberty, whether in public or private.
In all societies, women and girls have less power than men – over their bodies, decisions and resources. Social norms that condone men’s use of violence as a form of discipline and control reinforce gender inequality and perpetuate gender-based violence. Across the globe, women and girls – especially adolescents – face the greatest risk.
Gender-based violence takes numerous forms: Intimate partner violence, sexual violence, child marriage, female genital mutilation, trafficking for sexual exploitation, female infanticide, and ‘honour’ crimes are common – with intimate partner violence occurring at staggering rates in every country. Girls and women may also experience gender-based violence when they are deprived of nutrition and education.
Approximately one in three women and girls worldwide will experience physical or sexual violence in her lifetime.
Gender-based violence can occur at any point in a person’s life, in times of peace or instability. But in crisis settings, threats soar.
Armed conflict, natural disasters and humanitarian emergencies can significantly weaken a society’s ability to protect women and girls from gender-based violence. Rates of intimate partner violence often increase in crisis settings. Many armed groups also use sexual violence as a tool of warfare to advance military or political aims. All the while, girls and women may be forced to trade sex for food, money and other resources they need to survive. And in some places, they are married off early or forcefully, to protect or care for their families.
Survivors of gender-based violence suffer devastating short- and long-term consequences to their physical and mental health. Women and girls may experience severe physical injuries, unwanted pregnancies and exposure to HIV or other sexually transmitted infections. Depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the limited ability to complete daily tasks, and suicidal thoughts are also common.
Survivors are often subjected to victim-blaming or ostracized from their families and communities.
What’s more, many survivors are subjected to victim-blaming or ostracized from their families and communities due to social norms. This puts them at significant risk of poverty, isolation and further violence. Some survivors are forced to marry their perpetrators. Others face retaliation for reporting their experiences or seeking support – including at the hands of family members. At its worst, gender-based violence can result in death, like in situations of ‘honour killings’.
Between 2005 and 2022, parties to conflict raped, forcibly married, sexually exploited, and committed other grave forms of sexual violence against at least 16,000 children. Sexual violence disproportionately affects girls, who were victims in 97 per cent of cases from 2016 to 2020.
UNICEF’s response
UNICEF works worldwide to prevent and respond to gender-based violence in emergencies. We focus on the unique needs of girls and women – recognizing their systemic exposure to gender-based violence – while helping to ensure that support is available for all survivors of sexual violence, including boys.
In coordination with governments, civil society and United Nations partners, we provide survivors with clinical health services, dignity kits, psychosocial support and the safe spaces they need to access care and protection.
Safe spaces allow women and girls to participate in activities for empowerment and gain access to critical information on their risks, rights and needs. This includes information on how to access aid and where to report sexual exploitation and abuse. In many emergencies, safe spaces are the only way women and girls can access relevant and life-saving information.
UNICEF coordinates with other sectors – like water, sanitation and health (WASH), and nutrition – to help women and girls participate in safety audits and other forms of community planning that mitigate the risk of gender-based violence.
We also work to address the underlying social drivers and environmental conditions that lead to a higher incidence of GBV in emergencies, including through initiatives like the Communities Care: Transforming Lives and Preventing Violence programme. UNICEF and partners work directly with communities to tackle harmful social norms that perpetuate gender-based violence.
What’s more, we promote the economic and social empowerment of women and girls. Economic initiatives include tuition for basic literacy and numeracy skills, advice on income-generating activities, cash transfer programmes, and schemes for credit and saving. Social empowerment activities may focus on women’s leadership and participation in GBV programming, and the promotion of life skills through resources like our Adolescent Girls Toolkit.
Our extensive research on GBV in emergencies also builds evidence for the greater humanitarian community. We invest in strengthening protection systems that address gender-based violence – including through health and social services – and that help keep all women, girls and boys from harm’s way.
More from UNICEF
Resources
Key Resources
- UNICEF Humanitarian Practice: UNICEF Gender-Based Violence in Emergencies Technical Guidance Library
- UNICEF Gender-Based Violence in Emergencies Operational Guide
- How to Support Survivors of Gender-Based Violence When a GBV Actor is Not Available in Your Area - IASC GBViE Pocket Guide: A step-by-step guide for humanitarian practitioners
- GBV Area of Responsibility (AOR) Helpdesk: Confidential advice and research for preventing and responding to GBV in emergencies
- The Inter-agency Minimum Standards for Gender-Based Violence in Emergencies Programming
- Addressing Gender-Based Violence in Emergencies: Why Gender-Based Violence in Emergencies Matters
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Girls in the First Decade: A Scoping Study on MHPSS-GBV Interventions for Girls 0-11
Risk Mitigation
- How to Support Survivors of Gender-Based Violence When a GBV Actor is Not Available in Your Area - IASC GBViE Pocket Guide: A step-by-step guide for humanitarian practitioners
- IASC Guidelines for Integrating Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Action
- UNICEF and Harvard Humanitarian Initiative: Measuring Gender-Based Violence Risk Mitigation in Humanitarian Settings
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Menu of Measures GBV Risk Mitigation Menu of Measures Adapted for the Nutrition Sector
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Gender-Based Violence Risk Mitigation in UNICEF-led Clusters/AoR
- Making Humanitarian Cash Transfer Programming Safer and More Accountable to Women and Girls
- Making Humanitarian Responses Safer and More Accessible for Women and Girls: Highlights from UNICEF’s Work to Integrate Risk Mitigation within Other Programmatic Sectors, 2016–2019
Prevention
- Communities Care: Transforming Lives and Preventing Violence Programme
- Adolescent Girls Toolkit
- My Safety, My Well-being: Equipping Adolescent Girls with Key Knowledge and Skills
- We are Agents of Change: Adolescent Girls Approaches to Gender-Based Violence Prevention and Response in Middle East and North Africa
Response
- How to Support Survivors of Gender-Based Violence When a GBV Actor is Not Available in Your Area - GBV Pocket Guide: A step-by-step guide for humanitarian practitioners
- UNICEF Humanitarian Practice: UNICEF Gender-Based Violence in Emergencies Technical Guidance Library
- UNICEF Gender-Based Violence in Emergencies Operational Guide
- GBV Area of Responsibility (AOR) Helpdesk: Confidential advice and research for preventing and responding to GBV in emergencies
- Inter-agency Minimum Standards for Gender-Based Violence in Emergencies Programming
- Inter-agency Gender-Based Violence Case Management Guidelines
- Inter-agency Gender-Based Violence Case Management Capacity Building Initiative
- Caring for Child Survivors of Sexual Abuse: Guidelines for Health and Psychosocial Service Providers in Humanitarian Settings
- GBVIMS+/Primero
Innovations
Local Women- and Girl-led Organisations
- "She Leads the Way": UNICEF's work with local women- and girl-led organisations
- We Must Do Better: A feminist assessment of the humanitarian aid system's support of women- and girl-led organizations during the COVID-19 pandemic
GBViE and Technology
- Innovative Approaches to Gender-Based Violence Service Provision in Emergencies
- Not Just Hotlines and Mobile Phones: Gender-based violence service provision during COVID-19
- From Life-Saving to Systems Building: Enhancing capacities for survivor-centred GBV programming in the Middle East and North Africa
- Virtual Safe Spaces
- Digital E-referral Pathway App
- Safer Chatbots: 6 steps to make your chatbot safer for children & young people
- Safer Chatbots: Implementation Guide
- GBVIMS+/Primero
- GBVIMS: Gender-Based Violence Information Management System Podcast
GBViE and Finance
- The Opportunity to Address Violence Against Women and Girls through Infrastructure Investments
- The Material Risks of Gender-Based Violence in Emergency Settings
- Mitigating the Risks of Gender-Based Violence: A Due Diligence Guide for Investing
Research
Last updated 11 November 2022