Conflict and Peace Analysis Tool 3
Age and Gender Sensitive WASH Conflict and Peace Scan (CP Scan)
Purpose
This Tool complements section ‘Conflict and Peace Scan – ‘good enough’ analysis’ of the WASH for Peace - Age and Gender Sensitive Conflict and Peace Analysis (CPA) Guide. It can be deployed as a stand-alone rapid CPA in emergency contexts or in situations where a quick gathering of data is required.
It can also be deployed as a preparatory step to a more in-depth CPA to help plan and design the same. A CP Scan can help to identify useful sources of data and data gaps to consider, as well as potential respondents to engage further in a broader peace and conflict analysis or programme monitoring.
The CP Scan can be undertaken internally within the WASH team in close collaboration with relevant field offices, and/or with relevant and selected counterparts, as an initial brainstorming and data source identification – CPA Tool 4 ‘Sample Conflict and Peace Analysis Tools’ below, has been developed to accompany and support the implementation of the CP Scan with selected visual tools to facilitate participatory conflict and peace analysis with relevant stakeholders.
CP Scan Guidance
Key conflict facts and trends
- Type of conflict – include descriptive features of the conflict as understood by different stakeholders/data sources consulted e.g. national level/localized; intercommunal/inter-ethnic/interfaith; cross-border dimensions; internal/refugee displacement; resource conflict (e.g. water, land); exclusion/marginalization grievances;
- Conflict Stage - Latent/unstable peace; Acute conflict; Protracted conflict; Post-Conflict (Latent/unstable peace refers to a conflict stage in which significant conflict drivers and dynamics exist that could potentially lead to overt/violent conflict (for example due to a trigger event); acute conflict refers to a conflict stage where there is overt/violent conflict; protracted conflict refers to a stage in conflict where the situation and the impacts are complex, severe and enduring; post-conflict refers to a stage that follows a cessation of hostilities (e.g. peace agreement); Source: UNICEF, Water Under Fire Vol. 1, 2019.)
- If latent/post-conflict – assess the risk of conflict (re-) occurrence in alignment with relevant CO Emergency Preparedness Plans and GRIP conflict risk assessments, if available
- Prominent impacts on children/women e.g. grave violations against children in times of war; widespread SGBV;
- Prominent interactions with WASH e.g. denial of WASH rights; attacks against WASH infrastructure/personnel;
WASH-relevant conflict context:
- Conflict-prone/affected areas within the WASH intervention context
- Recent and current conflict trends affecting access to WASH
- Connectors e.g. joint water resource management, diverse communities sharing WASH services
- Dividers e.g. WASH access discriminatory practices across community groups, disparities in access to water based on identity, downstream pollution from wastewater
- Prominent interactions with WASH e.g. denial of WASH rights; attacks against WASH infrastructure/personnel;
Key WASH-related conflict stakeholders and their capabilities to enable or constrain access to WASH
Key WASH services and water access and governance dynamics:
- Formal and informal institutions that manage WASH services
- Capacity/willingness to develop and implement comprehensive WASH services and water management plans
- Capacity/willingness to equitably mediate WASH service grievances and/or competing claims for water access, social and environmental impacts, and benefit sharing
- WASH services and/or water resources allocated equitably and affordably
- Communities/relevant groups with no secure and reliable access to WASH services and water and why
- Participation of communities/relevant groups in WASH services and water management
Key structural/root causes to WASH-related conflict in the project context e.g. poor WASH service governance; exclusion of women and/or young people from access to services and/or participation; lack of political participation and representation in WASH service planning and implementation; grievances over water resource allocation and management; systematic discrimination and exclusion from accessing WASH services.
Key WASH-relevant conflict drivers e.g. drought aggravating competition over pasture and water; worsening economic conditions exacerbating tensions about access to WASH services and water use; political instability and violence constraining access to WASH services; displacement placing burden on host community WASH services and water availability.
Key conflict triggers e.g. elections/political transition, sudden rise in food, water, and other commodity prices, climate events, which may affect access to WASH?
Key WASH-related capacities for peace or conflict mitigation e.g. traditional dispute resolution approaches proven effective to resolve water conflicts, inter-communal WASH committees, participatory and inclusive utility boards and technical working groups
Key WASH intervention-conflict context interactions i.e. potential or actual risks of the intervention fuelling existing/new conflicts; potential or actual impacts on the intervention arising from conflict events or dynamics in the context
Recommended next steps – e.g. consultation with relevant FO; consultation/validation with relevant stakeholders – government counterpart, IP, sector partner, communities; immediate support to be sought from CO/RO/HQ; additional peace and conflict analysis to be undertaken.
Adapted from UNICEF, Quick Guide to Conflict Analysis, 2016 and USAID, ‘Water and Conflict - A Toolkit for Programming’, 2014.
